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The Industrial Revolution (18th–19th centuries) marked a transformative shift from agrarian economies to industrialized societies, driven by advancements in machinery, steam power, and manufacturing. Originating in Britain, it spurred urbanization, mass production, and global trade. Innovations like the spinning jenny, steam engine, and railways revolutionized industries such as textiles, mining, and transportation. While it boosted economic growth and technological progress, it also led to social challenges, including poor working conditions, child labor, and environmental degradation. The Industrial Revolution laid the foundation for modern capitalism and shaped contemporary infrastructure, influencing global economic, political, and cultural landscapes for centuries to come.